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February 12 The family and delinquency· Parenting in families Studies suggest that most important determinant of whether a child will be involved in delinquency is the quality of parent-child relationship rather than family structure alone. o Parenting skill Interactions within the family and the quality of parenting change as a child’s misbehavior or delinquency increases over time. o Parental supervision Good supervision indirectly minimizes the adolescents’ contact with delinquency, it promoting circumstances, activities, and peers. o Parenting style There are two critical aspects of parents’ behavior toward children: parental responsiveness and parental demandingness: Responsiveness is the degree to which parents are supportive of needs of their children. Demandingness is the extent to which parent demand age-appropriate behavior from children. Four parenting styles : 1. Authoritative parents, warm but firm 2. Authoritarian parents, high value on obedience and conformity. 3. Indulgent parents behave in responsive, accepting, benign, and more passive ways in matters of discipline 4. Indifferent parent. o Parental attachment v Research supports the conclusion that the children least likely to turn to delinquency are those who feel loved, identify with their parent, and respect their parent’ wishes. v Delinquents often lack a supportive relationship with their fathers, have minimal supervision of their activities, and closer to their mothers, and come from broken homes. o Parental deviance v Studies show that children with criminal parents are more likely to participate in delinquency. · In maltreatment of children Maltreatment, including physical and sexual abuse, physical neglect, inadequate supervision, emotional neglect, educational maltreatment, moral-legal harm, and excessive corporal punishment. o Nature and extent of maltreatment v About 3.3 million cases of child abuse or neglect involving the maltreatment of more than 6 million children are reported to state child protective services agencies each year. v Approximately 1460 children die of maltreatment, 42 percent from neglect, 28 percent from physical abuse, and 29 percent from multiple maltreatment types. o Maltreatment, corporal punishment, and delinquency v The nonlethal consequences of maltreatment frequently including delinquent, aggressive, and violent behavior by its victims. v Children who observe their parents fighting o physically punishing siblings are more likely than children who do not observe these events to regard them as normal ways of resolving conflict. family and delinquency这学期修的课在某些程度上高度一致：变态心理学，青少年心理学，青少年犯罪，女性犯罪学。。
为了“青少年犯罪”这门课要做一个presentation， 关于家庭和犯罪之间的千丝万缕，收集了下面的资料，基本来自课本，句句有研究支持。 只是希望看的人能重拾家庭原本的价值，关心下一代，建立有序社会 很长，不指望谁看完，但是数据很很惊人。
The family and delinquency Family is the most important social institution, the earliest and most critical stages of a child’s socialization occur within the family. And family is largely responsible for instilling the children moral, religious value, and understanding about right and wrong. Family, as one of the most important player in the society, can determine the future of the individual, in order to produce or reduce delinquency. Traditionally, there are four principal functions: o The socialization of children o Inculcation of moral values o Reproduction and regulation of sexual activity o Provision of material, physical, and emotional security · Traditional functions of the family o The socialization of children o Family is the first and most important social unit to affect children; it is the first social world the child encounters. o Socialization is the process through which children learn the ways of particular society, and learn how to function within it. o Through the socialization process in families, the personalities, values, and beliefs of children are initially shaped. o The primary cause of low self-control is ineffective child-bearing, and people who have low self-control are more likely to participate in delinquency than the others who have better self-control. Children who grow up in families where a parent is incarcerated may have experiences that do not promote development into a well-functioning adult. They might: 1. exhibited Lower levels of effective parenting 2. exhibited Higher level of ineffective parenting 3. Exhibited more substance abuse problems 4. exhibited More psychiatric problems 5. Were more likely to physically abuse their children 6. Were more lose their children to out of home placement 7. Were significantly more likely to have children with serious delinquent history One research examined 1112 juvenile offenders in Missouri, 31 percent of whom had a parental history of incarceration o Inculcation of moral values- one of the most critical aspects of socialization. o Moral education, or the training of the individual to be inclined toward good, involves a number of things, including the rules of society and the development of good habit. o Youth who have developed higher levels of prosocial moral reasoning are less likely to engage in aggressive behavior and delinquency. o Emile Durkheim believed the integrative function of religion was crucial for maintaining social order. o How the parent view their religion will definitely affect their parenting, and this value will pass to their children, and the more religious a person is, the less likely he or she will be to participate in delinquent or criminal behaviors.(Bruce Chadwick and Brent Top) o An adolescent’s religiosity, typically measured by religious participation, is negatively related to delinquency. v A recent meta-analysis of 60 published studies conducted over the last 30 years examing the relationship between religion and delinquency concluded that “religious behavior and beliefs exert a significant, moderate deterrent effect in individuals’ criminal behavior” v Many other studies support this idea, P322 o Reproduction and regulation of sexual activity\ v The family is the traditional social unit for sexual reproduction. v The family teaches children society’s norms about sexual conduct, like what is acceptable, and what is unacceptable. o Provision of material, physical, and emotional security v Families are the primary providers of the material well-being of their members. v Parents or older sibling provide supervision and monitoring of younger children to ensure their safety and obedience. v In many ways, some of the best predictors of a child’s life outcomes are his or her parents’ background. Is this society providing good value/model of FAMILY? · The changing family v In1970, 85 percent of children under age 18 lived with both parents. v In2005, only 67 percent of children lived with both parents. v In2006, for the first time in American history, the majority of household (50.2%) were comprised of unmarried couples. o Single-parent families v By the early 21st century only about 5 percent of female-headed household with children had experienced the death of the father, About 37 percent of them had experienced parental divorce. About 36 percent of these homes, parents had never married. The rest, about 22 percent, were classified as “married, spouse absent” v Nearly one million American teenagers became pregnant each year. About 40 percent abort their pregnancies Teenager birthrate between the age 15-18 is 4.2 percent, vary by race (White non-Latino: 2.7%, African American, 6.4%, Hispanic: 8.2% ) v Studies show that 20 years later, about 40 percent of the negative life outcomes that these youth experienced. v Teenage mothers are three times more likely than other teenager to drop out of school, and they earn much less than unmarried mothers who did not have their first child until they were in their twenties. v Teenage childbearing is costly to taxpayers, with the Federal government spend about $40,000,000,000 (that is $40 billion)each year to assist families that began with a teenage birth. v Teen fathers are unlikely to be in a position to provide financial, emotional, or other parental support for their children, and thus are likely to be poor role models. v Children in poor, single-parent families, especially those headed by teenage mothers, clearly face special difficulties. They are more likely to experience chronic psychological distress, substance abuse, unprotect sex, etc. o Single parents, divorce and delinquency v Studies shows that children from single-parent families are more likely to become delinquent than children from two-parent families. v Five reasons for that: 1. Single parents can less effectively supervise their children 2. Children in single-parent families grow up too fast 3. Single mothers give adolescents greater say in what they can do or give too early autonomy 4. Children from single-parent families are susceptible to peer pressure 5. Children in single-parent families experience lower level of parental attachment. o The impact of divorce on children v Other than teenage pregnancy, each year about 2 percent of all married couples (nearly 2 million families) get divorced, half of them have children under age 18. v Divorced parents make fewer demands on their children, provide less monitoring, are more likely to display hostility, and tend to use less effective disciplinary techniques than married parents. v In this family war, children always caught in the middle, often being defined as victims or expected to accept new definitions of the former spouse. How marriage benefit children: ü Children in married-parent homes are less likely to be abused or neglected. ü Children in married-parent homes can have better emotional and physical health, engage in fewer risky behavior ü Children in married-parent homes do better academically and fare better economically. ü Children in married-parent homes are more likely to view marriage positively and maintain life-long marriages. Life long marriage or stable marriage also benefits adults and society too. o Working mothers and latchkey children v Three-fourths of married woman with children between the ages of 6 and 17 are employed, 78 percent of single mothers with children in this same age group are employed. v Mother who works in high-status jobs lead to positive school effect for their children. v Employment of mothers reflects no negative effects on children’s behavior, insecurity, and sociability. v More than three million children ages 6 to 12 spend 5 or more hours a week unsupervised or in the care of a young sibling. v 80 percent f children under age 5 are in some sort of childcare arrangement during a typical week, with 49 percent cared for by nonrelatives. v Preschoolers spend an average of 28 hours per week in childcare. v Daycare only provide care, it cannot replace parenting at all.
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